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Agriculture has played a very important role in the civilization of human being even from the olden days. The importance of agriculture can never be obliterated from the human life. It has become a very fundamental aspect in the socio-economic revolution all over the world. The animals, plants, fungi and other life forms are nurtured for food, fiber, and other products which help to sustain life. This is called agriculture and agricultural science is the study of agriculture that covers social, natural and economic sciences which helps in understanding and practicing agriculture.

In the earlier days the human beings had a sedentary form of life. But later farming brought a big revolution by providing superfluous of food. A majority of people were indulged in agriculture before the industrial revolution. Mostly subsistence agriculture was done with a view of fulfilling the needs of food and clothing of the family. For the payment of taxes, dues, or trade only a small portion was left over. In those days their objective was very far away from the World market place. But after the agricultural revolution, the agricultural production was increased by using different agricultural techniques. The expansion of world markets and innovative technologies has brought an extra ordinary budge in the agricultural practices. In hunter-gatherer cultures there was no division of labors. But that was seen in the agricultural societies which made common place specializations. Surplus of food production beyond the family needs made others to get involved in works other than farming.

Different studies show that before the invention of agriculture the population of the world was less than 15 million inhabitants. As argued by historians and anthropologists the civilization was made possible only because of the expansion of the agriculture. From the tie of civilization itself crop alteration has been practiced. Crop alteration can be done by breeding practices which change the genetic composition of a plant. By this process crop with more advantageous characteristics are developed like drought-tolerance, resistance to pests, larger fruits or seeds, etc. the work of geneticist Gregor Mendel has brought a lot of development in plant breeding. Works of Gregor Mendel made plant breeders to understand genetics and introduce new techniques in the work. Self-pollination, plant selection with desirable traits and cross-pollination, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism, are some of the techniques used in crop breeding. The understanding of agricultural principles along with the principles of animal and plant biology, civil, electrical, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering is called Agricultural engineering where engineering science and technology is used for agricultural production and processing.